Product analysis of tiger biscuit

Item examination of tiger scone Tiger Biscuit-Milk that are possessed by Kraft Foods is the item that we decided to dissect on. This is on the grounds that we find that, it premium us on how a major organization like Kraft Foods really plan their promoting procedures to contend with numerous other of their rivals on one of their significant business portfolio, which is the snacks class and position them well in the market. Tiger Biscuit are first dispatch in 1997 in India by the Britannia Industries. It turned into the companys biggest brand among its portfolios in the primary year of its starting until today. Tiger Biscuit is a glucose roll that are for the most part produced using wheat and milk to enhance its sustenance and more beneficial contrast with other glucose bread rolls in the market. The fundamental objective market of this scone is the children. In this way, they make improvement in their rolls by offering different decision and flavor. It is scrumptious and moderate to suit the cutting edge moms who need the best for their children and play the job to empower their children to contend in todays world. As of late, Tiger Biscuit are advancing Iron Zor in their bread which endeavor to address the issue of iron inadequacy among the general public, either youthful or the old. SWOT examination is a general perspective on the businesss qualities, shortcomings, openings and dangers. Qualities and shortcomings are the positive and negative patterns in the interior condition of the business which are leveled out while openings and dangers are outside components that are not under a businesss control. Kraft Tiger can utilize their qualities to defeat their shortcomings, catching the open doors in the outside condition to pick up points of interest and limiting their dangers. They can be advantage from a SWOT investigation by knowing and understanding their present situation before settle on any further choices and plans. In this way, SWOT investigation plays a significant issue for Kraft Tiger Biscuit. Coming up next are the SWOT investigation of Kraft Tiger Biscuit-Milk. One of the quality of Kraft Tiger is they are notable. The explanation they turned out to be so notable is on the grounds that they as of now exist in the market for an exceptionally extensive stretch of time and furthermore through publicizing in the TV. Plus, it is utilized by McDonalds as a feature of the advancement as trick. This will make it much increasingly notable. Then again, Kraft Tiger gives open a sound idea and picture. As should be obvious on its bundling, it makes reference to six bits of Kraft Tiger equivalent to one glass of milk. It would help in bones development and furthermore construct more grounded teeth. It has lesser calories and fats in their bars also contrast with others, yet it despite everything tastes overall quite reasonable for all degree of ages. Next, Kraft Tiger is promptly and simple access. Clients can go anyplace, for example, shopping centers, Seven Eleven establishments and markets which are close to their place. The cost is sensible and reas onable also contrasted with the sustenance esteem it contains. To wrap things up, the bundling for Kraft Tiger is convenient. It is very shopper cordial as it very well may be convey along without any problem. The shortcomings Tiger incorporate its business liquidation. By confronting this issue, Kraft Tiger would chop down the expense of creation and in this manner this will influence its business execution at the market. Furthermore, Kraft Tiger has high sugar level. These days the clients are worry about the food fixing, they generally need for less sugar and less salt. They would go for more natural bread instead of excessively sweet. The chance of Kraft Tiger is the changing of purchasers way of life. These days, some portion of the general public are comprised of working guardians, which implies they would not have sufficient opportunity to get ready breakfast for their family. Therefore, Kraft Tiger can assist with supplanting the guardians obligation to set up a healthful nibble for breakfast. In addition, Kraft Tiger positions their milk-enhanced roll as solid bites. Guardians would permit their kids to buy as opposed to buying other unfortunate bites. It is everyone top pick, for guardians and youngsters. Another chance of Kraft Tiger remembers the developing interest for the bites and exquisite market in these couple of years. Ladies consistently search for better body shape and consequently, some of them will skip suppers for keeping up or thinning down their body shape. In this way, they will go for solid snacks, for example, Kraft Tiger which will make them full, yet not stuffing. There are numerous rivals in the roll business, for example, immediate and roundabout contenders. Direct contenders are, for example, Soda Crackers and Chocolate Love Letter. They will really rival Kraft Tiger in the roll field. While backhanded contenders are the tit-bits, for example, London Ring Tomato, Happy Nuts, and so forth. In spite of the fact that they are in various classifications with Kraft Tiger, they despite everything can be delegated needing a portion of a similar cake. These either immediate or roundabout contenders will by one way or another influence Kraft Tiger in the market. Alongside, Kraft Tiger confronting isâ [1]â the ascending of the information costs, for example, sugar. The higher the creation cost will prompt the expansion of the item value which will diminish the scone request. Item Analysis As per the standard of showcasing, each item that is offer in the market has its phases of life cycle. Item life cycle stage is isolated in four phases, which are the presentation stage, developing stage, development stage and decrease stage. Presentation stage is the point at which an item is new in the market where individuals have restricted mindfulness on the item. The organization will require advertising exertion to construct a business opportunity for their new item. The typical advertising endeavors taken are doing research on the comparative items costs among the contenders to set a normal and reasonable cost for the new item. This is done to assist the organization with building their item share showcase among the potential purchasers to take a stab at their new item which they have negligible information about. Other than that, the organization won't deliver and disperse the item in a huge scope at this time. This is on the grounds that the organization couldn't appraise the reacts of customers request in the economy. Thusly, circulation is done specifically. Advancements are likewise done by pointing on the pioneer and early adopter of the item to support the potential purchasers enthusiasm for purchasing the item. In the wake of taking essential showcasing endeavors, organization will dissect the responsiveness of shopper in the market towards the item. In the event that the reactions are good, organization will actualize showcasing blend in their advertising techniques so as to extend their items piece of the overall industry. Then again, organization will likewise build their creation to fulfill the expanding need in the market. New highlights are added to the current item to improve its quality and widen up the decisions for the client. At this stage, organization will keep up their cost to urge new clients to buy their item simultaneously help the organization to stay serious in the market. At this point, the organization would then widen their system of promoting mediators, for example, retailers or wholesalers to make their item accessible in more zones. Advancements are pointed on the current client to make an advantageous long haul relationship and furthermore to impact increasingly po tential customer to purchase their items. The third phase of the item life cycle is the development stage where the companys deals are progressively steady and rivalry will emerge among the contenders. At this stage, the companys destinations is just securing their piece of the overall industry and make benefits from it while it despite everything have the capacity. So as to secure their piece of the overall industry, organization will keep their items value lower than before to stay serious in the market. They will likewise underline their advancement on the contrasts between their items with their rivals. The organization will likewise make improvement in their current item to make brand inclination in the buyers mind with the goal that the shopper will have the option to separate their items from the competitors. [2] Distribution of item will be progressively serious, where impetuses are given to the wholesaler to empower inclination from contending items. The last phase of the item life cycle is the decay stage where deals will drop definitely. Normally the organization will either keep creating, yet in a restricted amount to satisfied the interest of the steadfast client or stop their creation as it is not, at this point gainful to them. There are likewise organization that will proceed with the creation yet include a couple of new highlights into the item. In light of the item life cycle stages, it is accept that Tiger Biscuit is in the developing stage. In light of Krafts truth sheet, it is show that confectionary and tidbits have become their significant business portfolio which is 13.7 billion (29%) and 10.4 billion (22%) individually. In such situation, when the organization concentrated on the item portfolio this will show that the portfolio is making benefit for the organization. Hence, when the portfolio is making benefit, the organization will make improvement in their item to expand the decision to fabricate their piece of the pie and brand inclination among the shoppers. It is plainly expressed that tidbits section, which Tiger Biscuit-Milk is arranged, there are numerous flavors and decisions make for the buyer to assemble their image inclination contrast with their rivals, for example, Nestle. As a customer, we can see that there is no significant value change in the cost of Tiger Biscuit-Milk since the starting of the scon e. Tiger Biscuit-Milk is additionally effectively found in the market in any retailer, this would imply that the scope of dispersion of the scone is broadly empower by the organization. Center item Center item is characterized as the fulfillment a client anticipates from a products and ventures bought. It can likewise be clarified as the non-physical advantages of the item that are conveyed to the client. In light of Tiger Biscuit, the mass market brand, the center item is the sustenance

The Growth Of The Malaysian Bond Market Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Malaysia bond market is one of the fastest growing bond markets in Asia. The bond market reached a whopping amount of RM730.0 billion as at September 2010 compared with RM634.8 billion as at end year December 2009. Both public and private sector contributing a balance mix amount of 53% and 47% each. Ringgit was the best performing Asian currency against the US dollar. Thus this will cause the increase of the demand on Ringgit denominated bond. The bond is rated base on its strong performance and the ringgit is expected to further appreciate on speculation of Yuan appreciation. The ringgit has gained 7.0% against the USD as compared to other Asian currencies. With the unpredictable volatility of stock market; investors have begun searching for an alternative investment. Malaysian investors should look forward in holding ringgit denominated bonds while avoiding global bonds. Currency Year to date (YTD) basis Currencies Performance VS USD. Ringgit 7.0% India R upee 4.6% Korean Won 4.6% Indonesia Rupiah 4.1% Thai Baht 3.2% Singapore Dollar 2.4% Taiwan Dollar 2.1% China Yuan 0.0% Source: Bloomberg, iFAST Compilations, date as at 26Apr 2010 Malaysia posted 4.5% GDP growth as at year 2009 was backed by the improvement of external and domestic demand with support of better economic fundamental. The global recovery since the 2007 Financial Crisis has yet to see double digits of year on year growth recorded in exports and manufacturing sales growth. The New Economic Model (NEM) is a plan to transform Malaysia into a high income economy country has somehow influence the recent surge in Ringgit. Malaysian government plans to cut its budget deficit from 7.9% of GDP in 2009 to 5.4% of GDP in 2010 by reducing the supply of bonds. On the other hand, as a result of some of the developed nation such as Portugal, Italy, Ireland, Greece, Spain, UK, US and Japan see their debt to GDP ratio soar. These have ca use an increase in demand for Ringgit denominated bonds as it perceived their sovereign debt risk would continue to rise. Investors look at developing nations debts as an alternative source to provide them a safer alternative investment. The rise of bond yields will cause the fall in bond prices when the economy improves because investors will withdraw money out of safe or government backed bonds and opt for riskier investments. Investors will search for better opportunities in the stock market to gain potential bigger returns. Generally a recovery of a countrys economy or a good economy expectation will be the typical reason for bond yields to go up. However, the perceived of higher risk default on a country could also be a reason of the rise on bond yields. Example the recent Greek bond yields sore up to 7% recently due to its meltdown on fiscal deficit. When bonds are issued the issuer will compensate investor with periodic interest payments for the use of money. Bonds carr y coupon rates that are close or similar to the prevailing market interest rate. There is an inverse relationship between the interest rate and bond prices. The reason that causes the inverse relationship between interest rate and bond price is due to the opportunity cost of investors investment alternative. Investors will compare the returns on their current investment to what they can get in other market. Market interest rates changes will affect the attractiveness and preference of investors on bond market. For an example, suppose XYZ Company will to issue a bond carrying a coupon rate of 5%. This means the bond will pay RM50 a year in interest and you decided to purchase the bond at its par value of RM1000. Lets assume that if the interest rates in general go up. New bond being issue at RM1000 now will be paying 6% coupon. Investors will be reluctant to pay a face value of RM1000 for the previous XYZ bond. You cant change the interest rate on the bond. However you can change the price you are willing to take for the bond. In order to sell the bond, XYZ Company has to offer the bond at a lower price or a discount. The annual payment of the XYZ at RM50 (RM1000 x 5%) must equal a 6% payment. Doing a simple calculation you can find that the face value of the bond must be discounted to RM833 so that the RM50 fixed payment equals a 6% yield on the buyers investment (RM833 x 6% = RN50 ). Similarly, if the rates dropped below 5% of the original coupon rate the bond would be worth more than RM1000. Therefore it would be price at premium since it would be carrying higher interest rate than what currently offers on the market. This example is to illustrate the relationship between the interest rates and bond price at 10 years maturity. It does not represent the actual computation of a bond price. The following example will go in-depth on computing the bond price base on the present value formula. The basic present value formula for calculating a bonds price stated below: P = Market price of bond C = Coupon Payment M = Value at maturity, usually equals to face value i = Market interest rate or required yield N = number of payments Referring to the above example the increase of interest rates at i = 6%, C = RM50, M = RM1000, N = 10. The price of the bond will price approximate at RM926 lower than the face value of RM1000. The bonds yield relates the relationship of the ringgit price to its cash flow. The bond cash flows consist of coupon payments and return of principal. The principal is normally returned at the end of the bond terms known as the maturity date. The bond price is the sum of the present value of every cash flow consists by the bond. Inflation causes a big stir in bonds market. When there is a rising expectation in inflation it will cause direct impact in interest rates rise, bond yields rise therefore a fall in bond prices. The market bond price will normally be priced relative to a benchmark, usually base on a government security. If the bond is a good rated bond it has a smaller spread between its required return and the yield to maturity (YTL) benchmark. Bond Pricing Agency Malaysia (BPAM) Ringgit bond index includes bond types of zero coupon, fixed coupon, bullet and bonds with secondary notes. The indexes also consist of treasury, government related and corporate sector. It has 732 bonds with a total market capitalization of RM524 billion. The bond index is the weight of a security in the index the market value of that security on issue divided by the total value of all securities on issue. BPA Malaysia Bond Index: Source: Bond Pricing Agency Malaysia Sdn. Bhd date as at 26Oct 2010 Source: Bond Pricing Agency Malaysia Sdn. Bhd date as at 26Oct 2010 The accumulation index will increase due to the interest earned on the bonds in the index portfolio. The primary source of movement due to the rise in yields implies a fall in prices and the index. While a fall in c urrent yields holding all other factors equal implies a rise in the index. Therefore there is a positive relationship between the prices change on the index. The shorter the maturity period of the bond the weaker the impact of differences between bonds yields and coupon rate. Bonds priced at discount will cause an increase of value over the time by holding other things being equal, while bonds priced at a premium will decrease in value. The price changes of bonds will automatically balance the index. The increase in weighting in proportion of the rise in market value would have cause by the rise in the price of a particular bond. The following table shows simple average returns with a graph of the total return index: Simple average return 1 Month 0.57% 3 Months 2.11% 6 Months 3.83% 12 Months 5.83% 18 Months 7.71% 24 Months 13.61% Source: Bond Pricing Agency Malaysia Sdn. Bhd date as at 26Oct 2010 The BPAM values bond portfolios through providing a price that is market relevant and may be done via fair valuation or taking the market price through mark-to-market. BPAM provides prices for all the bonds in the market the cope with the lack of bonds price due to not being traded. By using the last traded price can be use when the market price is reliable only in an efficient market. It also uses the fair valuation that a methodology is used to provide a rational and unbiased estimate of the potential market price. To estimate the current price it uses the arms length market transactions and relative comparison. The pricing process of BPAM is base on a daily yield adjustment exercise whereby the adjustment is done on pre and post data. Other factors that affect the price calculations include credit rating changes, micro and macro economic factors and changes in the bond terms and condition. BPAM chief executive officer Meor Amri Meor Ayob claims that the BPAM Reference Pricing Service (RPS) could reduce price discre pancies between primary bond issues and secondary market trades and provide an alternative to issuer for prices negotiated by investment bankers or bond arranger. This is to aimed at giving the fair price of a proposed bond issue, based on the current interest rate and economic environment. The difference between the prices should not be a different in when it is issued and when it began trading therefore whether it is at the primary or secondary level there should not be a change in price. The risk interest rate environment, the credit rating, the risk exposure and the asset should not be a discrepancy in price. The following graph shows the correlation analysis between the Bond Market Index level VS Equity Market Index level: Source: Bond Pricing Agency Malaysia Sdn. Bhd date as at 26Oct 2010 The above chart shows the performance of bond market index perform better than the FBMKLCI from the beginning year. In year 2010 it shows a better economic sign compared to the previ ous year causes the increase issuance of financial related bonds. Government bonds were oversubscribed by 6 times while issuance of commercial paper by Private Corporation such Kinsteel Bhd being oversubscribed by 1.3 times. This clearly indicates that there is good liquidity and institutional interest in bonds and other fixed income instrument. Investors should consider their interest in the bond market as the effect on bond pricing provides a great opportunity for steady and safer returns. A few European countries have causes the downturn of the European region economy. Besides the quick recovery of stock market since 2007 financial crisis have increase the doubt of most investors in the stock market performance. The issuance of bond in Malaysia has been increasing from both government and corporate sectors to meet the demands of interested parties. Therefore with the active bond market that has a good pricing prospect in the future provides a safer ground for risk adverse investo rs.

Essay about Eco 561 Final Exam Free - 1423 Words

ECO 561 Final Exam w/ corrected answers 1) Suppose that in the clothing market, production costs have fallen, but the equilibrium price and quantity purchased have both increased. Based on this information you can conclude that A. the supply of clothing has grown faster than the demand for clothing [B. demand for clothing has grown faster than the supply of clothing] C. the supply of and demand for clothing have grown by the same proportion D. there is no way to determine what has happened to supply and demand with this information 2) Camilles Creations and Julias Jewels both sell beads in a competitive market. If at the market price of $5, both are running out of beads to sell (they cant keep up with the quantity†¦show more content†¦A perfect competition 15) Investing in Ramp;D is more likely to occur in markets where A. firms have monopoly power protected by regulatory barriers B. markets are closely competitive markets with close to zero economic profits [C. markets are oligopoly markets with strong collusion agreements] D. markets are monopolistic competitive markets 16) All economies of scale are achieved at the minimum of [A. average total cost] B. total cost C. average variable cost D. average fixed cost 17) Inflation is undesirable because it [A. arbitrarily redistributes real income and wealth] B. invariably leads to hyperinflation C. usually is accompanied by declining real GDP D. reduces everyone’s standard of living in the same proportion 18) An economy’s aggregate demand curve shifts leftward or rightward by more than changes in initial spending because of the A. net export effect B. wealth effect C. real-balances effect [D. multiplier effect] 19) Suppose productivity rises in a particular economy, but wages stay the same. Other things equal, A. the demand curve will shift leftward [B. the supply curve will shift rightward] C. the supply curve will shift leftward D. expenditures curve will shift rightward 20) If personal taxes were decreased and resource productivity increased simultaneously, the equilibrium [A. output would rise] B. output would fall C. price level would necessarily fall D. price levelShow MoreRelatedProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 Pages in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning. Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the United States. This book is printed on acid-free paper. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 WVR/WVR 0 9 8 7 ISBN 978-0-07-340334-2 MHID 0-07-340334-2 Editorial director: Stewart Mattson Publisher: Tim Vertovec Executive editor: Richard T. Hercher, Jr. Developmental editor: Gail Korosa Associate marketing manager:Read MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pages563 Summary and Implications for Managers 566 S A L Self-Assessment Library How Much Do I Know About Human Resource Management (HRM)? 544 glOBalization! Performance Appraisal Around the World 558 An Ethical Choice Recruiting the Unemployed 561 Self-Assessment Library How Good Am I at Giving Performance Feedback? 563 Myth or Science? â€Å"Work Is Making Us Fat† 564 Point/Counterpoint Social Media Is a Great Source of New Hires 567 Questions for Review 568 Experiential Exercise Evaluating PerformanceRead MoreMedicare Policy Analysis447966 Words   |  1792 Pagesincome individuals. Excise tax on medical devices. Expansion of information reporting requirements. Delay in application of worldwide allocation of interest. PART 2—PREVENTION OF TAX AVOIDANCE rmajette on DSK29S0YB1PROD with BILLS Sec. 561. Limitation on treaty benefits for certain deductible payments. Sec. 562. Codification of economic substance doctrine; penalties. Sec. 563. Certain large or publicly traded persons made subject to a more likely than not standard for avoiding penalties

Bringing Electricity to the Masses Essay - 961 Words

It was not very long ago that as night descended the cities, towns, and homes of the world fell into darkness as well. Lit by candles, oil lamps, gas lamps, and open flame, the light put off by these flames was not very bright and also had the down fall of producing fumes, smoke, and ash. â€Å"The electric light was little more than a novelty for the wealthy and only had small scale applications where only a few bulbs would be needed.† (Flatow 11) If we think about how dependent on electricity we are today, it becomes difficult to imagine the world as we know it without it. Our cars, computers, cell phones, almost every facet of our modern life involves electricity. It wasn’t till a young scientist; Thomas Alva Edison had the idea to create a†¦show more content†¦He was able to study the trial and errors of his colleagues and succeed where they had failed. â€Å"Another advantage for Edison was that he decided to build his light bulb around an entire electric al system of his own design. He would design and produce generators to supply electricity with integrated fuses to regulate and control it.† (Flatow 11) Once the system which would power his bulb was designed he began work on designing the bulb itself. The young inventor began to experiment with different filament materials and shapes. He soon discovered that no matter what he tried the filament would melt shortly after a current was run through it. To resolve this Edison had developed â€Å"a thermal regulator to prevent the incandescing element of his lamp from melting† says biographer and Edison scholar Paul Israel (Jones 55-56) What this meant was as the filament heated up, the regulator would turn the light off briefly to allow it to cool. This gave Edison the confidence to announce that he had made a breakthrough, though he had not perfected the type of material used to make the filament. He invited the press to witness his triumph. 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World History Honors free essay sample

19th Century Industrialization Industrialization economically and socially transformed an obsolete society. It brought a new system of trade and commerce, allowed individuals to gain affluence through aptitude rather than birth, and altered the cultural perception of family. The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain in the late 1800s and subsequently spread through Europe and the United States. Britain had recently undergone an agricultural transformation that had mechanized many farm processes formerly done by hand, greatly increasing the efficiency of agriculture and harvesting while also greatly diminishing the number of people needed to work a slice of farmland. This pushed many now superfluous family members to find jobs in the city, giving fertile breeding ground for the Industrial Revolution. Textile manufacturing was the first industry to benefit in the Revolution, with old hand-woven methods of construction becoming replaced by automated procedures that were far more efficient. Britain wished to protect its new corner on the market, and so jealously guarded all designs, machines, and processes related to mechanized manufacture. We will write a custom essay sample on World History Honors or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It was only through corporate espionage that the Revolution spread across the Atlantic Ocean and throughout Europe, bringing success and power with it. At first, textile milling was the only great trade of the Revolution, but it was soon followed by steel production. As textiles were once the sign trade of the modern nations, steel manufacture soon came to be the most profitable commerce available to those with Revolution technology. Old products could be renovated, new ones invented, and formerly complex goods made simple through use of the technologies provided through the Industrial Revolution. Families displaced by the new demands of the Industrial Revolution began to re-evaluate the relevance of the ties holding them to distant relatives. Familial ties became more and more tenuous, and the prominence of the solitary nuclear family more pronounced, as formerly rooted communities began migrating towards work in the new city-spawning factories of the Industrial Revolution. This largely contradicted the previous ideals of familial inheritance of land, area, and history that had grown in feudal Europe and colonial America before the Revolution. Before the Industrial Revolution, affluence and influence had been passed down through inheritance, and could rarely if ever be gained through skill or intelligence. Afterwards, however, executives, managers, and higher-level employees were promoted, or at least rewarded, for aptitude and competence, setting a higher standard for leadership and providing opportunity to those who were committed. The Industrial Revolution allowed prospects for hardworking individuals, rousing genius both as inspiration and perspiration. Without the Industrial Revolution, culture and commerce would still be mired in the archaic universe of inefficiency and inadequacy.

Lost Foam Casting free essay sample

The lost foam casting process offers several advantages over conventional sand casting processes, such as simplified production techniques and reduced environmental waste due to binder system emissions and sand disposal. The process is well-suited for castings with complex geometries, tight tolerances, and smooth as-cast surface finish requirements. When the castings are designed to fully exploit these advantages, cleaning and machining times are dramatically reduced if not completely eliminated. Therefore, the lost foam casting process is viewed as a value-added process rather than a substitute for sand casting. Lost foam castings are produced by pouring molten metal into a foam pattern contained in a flask filled with loose sand that is compacted through vibration. Generally speaking, a foam pattern is coated with a refractory slurry and dried before being placed in the flask and surrounded by large grain fineness sand. The foam pattern degrades immediately after molten metal is introduced, leaving a casting that duplicates all features of the foam pattern. We will write a custom essay sample on Lost Foam Casting or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The degradation products are vented into the loose sand. In lost foam casting process, mold filling, thermal transport, and solidification are strongly influenced by the foam pattern degradation. There are three phenomena which are inherent in lost foam casting process: slow molten metal flow, reducing atmosphere, and degradation products. The first and second phenomena help reduce oxides or slag defects. The last one, however, may become casting defects if they remain in the cast parts. To improve lost foam casting design, it is ssential to understand the interactions between the foam pattern and molten metal as well as the displacement of degradation products. History The first patent for an evaporative-pattern casting process was filed in April 1956, by H. F. Shroyer. He patented the use of foam patterns embedded in traditional green sand for metal casting. In his patent, a pattern was machined from a block of expanded polystyrene (EPS), and supported by bonded sand during pouring . This process is now known as the full mold process. In 1964, M. C. Flemmings used unbonded sand for the process. The first North American foundry to use evaporative-pattern casting was the Robinson Foundry at Alexander City, Alabama. General motors first product using these processes was the 4. 3L, V-6 diesel cylinder head, which were made in 1981 at Massena, New York. A study found in 1997 that evaporative-pattern casting processes accounted for approximately 140,000 tons of aluminum casting in the United States. The same survey forecast that evaporative-pattern casting processes would account for 29% of the aluminum, and 14% of the ferrous casting markets in the near future. Definition Definition| A casting process whereby the pettern is made of polystyrene foam and is vaporized when the mold is fill with molten metal| Lost form consist of first making a foam pattern having the geometry of the desire finish metal| Expanded polystyrene casting use a mold or sand park around a polystyrene pattern that vapourizes when the molten metal is poured into the mold| Evaporating pattern casting (lost foam) : this process is also know as lost pattern casting under a trade name â€Å"full mold process†, it use a polystyrene pattern which evaporate upon contact with molten metal to form a cavity for the casting| Lost foam casting, where the mould cavity is filled with polystyrene foam (the ‘full mould’ process) , is a special case. | What is â€Å"Lost Foam†? The Lost Foam casting process originated in 1958 when H. F. Shroyer was granted a patent for a cavity-less casting method, using a polystyrene foam pattern embedded in traditional green sand. The polystyrene foam pattern left in the sand is decomposed by the poured molten metal. The metal replaces the foam pattern, exactly duplicating all of the features of the original pattern. Like other investment casting methods, this requires that a pattern be produced for every casting poured because it is evaporated (â€Å"lost†) in the process. Schematic of lost for casting Process The essential steps of the lost foam casting procedure are: 1) The execution of patterns, 2) Execution of moulds 3) casting the alloy. Execution of Patterns: A pattern is made from  polystyrene foam (Expanded Polysterene), which can be done many different. What is Expanded Polystyrene? Expanded Polystyrene in its broadest sense is a rigid cellular plastic which is found in a multitude of shapes and applications. Raw Material Manufacturing: Expanded polystyrene (EPS) is the most commonly used foam pattern, it can be produced by bead pre-expansion into polystyrene (PS) beads that are ready for moulding. PS precursors are formed from ethyl benzene through an aluminum catalyst with benzene and ethylene obtained from crude oil and natural gas [Shivkumar, 1994]. Ethyl benzene is then converted to styrene at high temperature with nitrogen gas and iron catalysts. It forms polystyrene when exposed to a peroxide catalyst and polymerized in a water solution [Goria et al. , 1986]. These unexpanded beads have a density of 600 g/l (38 pounds per cubic feet (pcf)) and they are expanded 20~50 times with heat at 100 oC until the desired density is reached [Kanicki, 1985]. Polystyrene (PS) MOLECULAR FORMULA: The C=C double bond in each monomer is transformed into a C-C single bond in the polymer. | Properties: ease of forming, clarity, low heat transfer, good thermal insulation. Density: 1. 03-1. 06 g/ccStatistic: In 1999 PS usage as a plastic bottle resin was essentially nil. | Description: Polystyrene can be made into rigid or foamed products. It has a relatively low melting point. Packaging applications: Plates, cups, cutlery, meat trays, egg cartons, carry-out containers, aspirin bottles, compact disc jackets Recycled products: Thermal insulation, light switch plates, egg cartons, vents, rulers, foam packing, carry-out containers Raw Material Manufacturing: Expanded Polystyrene (foam)  is obtained from expandable polystyrene (beads), which is a rigid cellular plastic which contains an expansion agent. Expandable polystyrene is therefore obtained from oil as can be seen from the diagram. The EPS Manufacturing Process is inextricably linked with the process described in the last section, which brought us from the oil well to expandable polystyrene, now we will see what happens in the transformation process that leads us to Expanded Polystyrene foam parts. We have seen that the raw material is obtained through a chemical process. The next process involves the use of physics and the conversion process is carried out in three stages. 1st stage   PRE-EXPANSION: The raw material (beads)  is heated in special machines called pre-expanders with steam at temperatures of approximately 215-f. The density of the material falls from 40lbs/cu ft to values of usually between 1 ~ 2lbs/cu ft. During the process of pre-expansion the raw materials hard beads turns into cellular (foam) plastic beads with small closed cells that hold air in their interior. 2nd stage   INTERMEDIATE MATURING AND STABILIZATION: On cooling, the recently expanded particles form a vacuum in their interior and this must be compensated for by air diffusion. This is how the beads achieve greater mechanical elasticity and improve expansion capacity, something very useful in the following transformation stage. This process is carried out during the materials intermediate maturing in aerated silos or mesh bags. The beads are dried at the same time. 3rd stage   EXPANSION AND FINAL MOLDING: During this stage the stabilized pre-expanded beads are transported to molds where they are again subjected to steam so that the beads bind together. In this way large blocks are obtained block molding   (that are later sectioned to the required shape like boards, panels, cylinders etc. ) or products in their final finished shape shape molding. Execution of moulds and casting alloy The basic steps to the process include: A foam pattern and gating system are made using a foam molding press * The foam pattern and the gating system are glued together to form a cluster of patterns * The cluster is coated with a permeable refractory coating and dried unde r controlled conditions * The dried, coated cluster is invested in a foundry flask with loose, unbonded sand that is vibrated to provide tight compaction * The molten metal is poured on to the top of the gating system which directs the metal throughout the cluster and replaces the foam gating and patterns * The remaining operations such as, shakeout, cut-off, grinding, heat treat, etc. are straightforward and similar to other casting processes. The series and major steps in lost foam casting (LFC) What metals can be poured in the Lost Foam process? Generally, all ferrous and non-ferrous materials can be successfully cast using the Lost Foam process. Because the foam pattern and gating system must be decomposed to produce a casting, metal pouring temperatures above 1000 °F are usually required. Lower temperature metals can be poured, but part size is limited. In addition, very low carbon ferrous castings will require special processing. What size range of parts can be produced by the Lost Foam process? Lost Foam castings can be produced in most all metals from a fraction of a pound up to thousands of pounds. Slightly more advanced techniques are used for very large castings. What type of tooling is required and at what cost? Typically, tooling is composed of a split-cavity machined aluminum die that is the negative mold from which the foam pattern is produced. The tooling is highly specialized and must be constructed by experienced tooling manufacturers familiar with the requirements of the foam molders and foundries. Most tooling for Lost Foam patterns will compare favorably with permanent and die cast tooling. Prototype and simple tools may be in the $3000-5000 range while high-end tooling for complex or very large parts can be in the several hundred thousand dollar range. As a result of the materials used and the process stresses, Lost Foam tools can be expected to have 3 to 4 times the cycle life of permanent mold or die casting tools. What lead times can be expected when ordering a Lost Foam casting? As with all processes, lead times vary greatly depending on part complexity. Generally, 8 to 16 weeks is typical for completed tooling and first castings produced. After casting approval, 6 to 12 weeks is typical for production run startup. Rapid prototyping methods can produce castings in as little as 2 to 3 weeks. What size range of parts can be produced by the Lost Foam process? Lost Foam castings can be produced in most all metals from a fraction of a pound up to thousands of pounds. Slightly more advanced echniques are used for very large castings. What is the cost of using the Lost Foam process? Lost Foam castings are generally more expensive than forged parts, or parts made by other casting processes. The value inherent in the Lost Foam process v ersus other processes is seen in tighter tolerances, weight reduction and as-cast features which all results in less machining and cleanup time. Many castings that require milling, turning, drilling and grinding can be made in the Lost Foam process with only . 020† . 030† of machine stock. It is imperative that the features to be cast are discussed by all parties to determine the net finished product cost. What quantities need to be made to make the Lost Foam process practical? The answer, simply, is not as many as you would think. Tooling amortization is a key factor in this determination. Potential overall savings for your application will aid in your decision. Generally, 500-1000 pieces per year is the minimum production run to be economical. Prototyping runs, however, may be as few as 3-5 pieces for Fabricated Foam patterns or 20-100 pieces for Quick-Cut CNC machined aluminum tooling. Application Lost foam casting  is used mostly for automotive applications. Cast iron, aluminum alloys, steels, nickel and in some cases stainless steel and copper alloys are cast in this process. The flexibility of LFC is useful in making complicated casting assemblies for automotive and other metal cast like cylinder heads, weldments, pump housing, Manifolds for automobile, machine bases, automobile-body-dies, brake component. etc. This simple and inexpensive method is used in hobby foundry work. Examples of product produce from lost foam casting http://www. glmmarine. com/ManifoldArticle. html Superior Marine Manifolds Agricultural Equipment Part / Farm Machinery Part Product Description Detail Feature: Product Name: Agricultural equipment part / Farm machinery part   Materials: Grey iron, Ductile Iron, High Chrome iron, resistent ironcarbon steels, alloy steels, stainless steels, High Manganese steel   Items: FOB NingBo or Shanghai Place of Origin: Ningbo, China Software for specification drawings: PDF, Auto CAD, Solid work, JPG, ProE   Main production equipments: Wax injection, CNC-machine, machine-center, Heat treatment Furnace lost foam casting for yacht gas piping Specifications 1). lost foam casting 2). reliable product quality 3). on time delivery 4). excellent after-sale service 5). 3D design It is designed for the yacht or the ships gas exhaust piping. Materials: pig iron 250 Surface treatment: galvanizing, and spray-paint Weight: 19. 5 KG Color: black Process: lost foam casting Dimensions:360mm*167mm*102mm Certificate: ISO9001:2000 Advantages * Foam is to carve glue and manipulate Can be used for precision castings of ferrous and non-ferrous metals of any size. * Fewer steps are involved in lost foam casting compared to sand casting. * Core making is eliminated. * Binders or other additives and related mixing processes are eliminated. * High dimensional accuracy can be achieved and thin sections can be cast (i. e. 3 mm). * There is lower capital investment. * The flasks used are less expensive and easier to use because they are in one piece. * The need for skilled labor is reduced. * Multiple castings can be combined in one mould to increase pouring efficiency. * Lower operating costs can be achieved for appropriate castings. Complex castings, particularly internal sections, which require high dimensional accuracy and have thin sections, can be produced very cost effectively in comparison with to conventional sand moulding processes. * Fettling and machining is minimized due to high dimensional accuracy and the absence of parting lines or core fins. * The shakeout process is simplified and does not require the heavy machinery required for bonded sand systems. * High levels of sand reuse are possible. As little as 1-2% of the sand is lost as a result of spills. Periodically a portion of sand may need to be removed or reclaimed to avoid the build-up of styrene. * Complex components can be formed where other casting processes would require multiple components to be assembled. Excellent dimensional tolerances for precision casting. * Lower production cost than traditional Green Sand casting. * Castings can be made from 1 pound up to thousands of pounds with no size limitations. * Lost Foam is an environmental ly friendly process. * The sand is un-bonded and can be recovered and re-used at a low cost. * There is lower capital investment. Disadvantages * pattern costs can be high for low volume application * patterns are easily damaged or distorted due to their low strength. If a die is used to create the patterns there is a large initial cost * The pattern coating process is time-consuming, and pattern handling requires great care. Good process control is required as a scrapped casting means replacement not only of the mold but the pattern as well. What type of tooling is required and at what cost? Typically, tooling is composed of a split-cavity machined aluminum die that is the negative mold from which the foam pattern is produced. The tooling is highly specialized and must be constructed by experienced tooling manufacturers familiar with the requirements of the foam molders and foundries. Most tooling for Lost Foam patterns will compare favorably with permanent and die cast tooling. Pr ototype and simple tools may be in the $3000-5000 range while high-end tooling for complex or very large parts can be in the several hundred thousand dollar range.

Hardware and software Essays

Hardware and software Essays Hardware and software Essay Hardware and software Essay Essay Topic: Hard Times Keyboards: The keyboard is the most common used input device, and it is used to enter commands and key in data. The keyboard is divided into four parts; -The function keys over the top -The letter keys in the main section -The numeric pad on the right : -and finally the cursor movement and editing keys. Mouse: The mouse enables you to move the arrow cursor all over the page it is much easier to use the mouse then using the keyboard, you position the arrow on the item of your choice and press. Scanner: A scanner reads words, and pictures and then translates it into the pattern of light and dark into a digital camera and the computer stores it. The best type has to be the flat bed scanner which works in similar ways that to a photocopier. You put the page flat on the bed and then the sensor that like a photocopier, passes it translate into the computer. Digital camera: A digital camera is similar to a normal camera but thats only looks. The digital camera, instead of recording It, the camera converts light intensities into digital form that can be stored on a disk as a data file. Microphones: The microphones of a computer are just the same as of normal microphones. They are used with voice recognition or simply for the Internet so you can speak to the person on the other side. It takes spoken words and translates them into digital signals. Joystick: The joystick is used for playing games. It is used to move the (car, plane or person). Buttons on top and the side are used to perform such other moves of the (car, plane or person). They cant be used in programs like word-processing, spreadsheet or database, but are used in CAD (computer aided design) software. MAIN PROCESSOR UNIT: CPU: The central processing unit or (CPU) for short or microprocessor, is the computers main component that interprets and carries out the commands that are given to it. It can fetch, decode and execute any instruction, and transfers data from one computer to another. Memory: Memory is used to store the programs you use and is the working area that processes the current data (e.g: the letter you write or word-processing). It also comprises of ROM(read only memory) and RAM(random access memory). Storage: The size of data or (storage) capacity of a computer is measured in bytes. One byte contains 8 bits. Bits stand for binary digits and is the smallest unit of data that can be stored. There are six types of storage; Bit: Smallest unit of data with value of 1 or 0. Byte: Equal to 8 bits-approximately equivalent to one character. The letters a, b and c are represented in binary code by 0110 0001, 0110 0010 and 0110 0011. Kilobyte (kb): Equal to 1,024 bytes or 2 10. Megabyte (Mb): Equal to 1,048,576 2 20 (equivalent to approximately 500 double spaced pages of text). Gigabyte (GB): Equal to 1,073,741,824 bytes or 2 30 (equivalent to approximately half-million double spaced pages of text). Terabyte (TB): Equal to ~1,099,000,000,000 bytes or 2 40 Motherboard: The motherboard is the main printed circuit board of the computer, which usually forms the floor of the system. All the other parts of the computer like the CPU and the memory, these components are linked by buses which are etched into the motherboard. Ports: Ports are the sockets at the back of the main processor casing, which are used attach the peripheral devices (printer, monitor, keyboard, mouse, etc). Modem: Modem come built in computers mostly. If you want to use the internet or if you want to e-mail the modem helps to run both. A modem, or modulator/demodulator allows two computers to communicate through telephone lines. Network: Networks allow the sharing resources and data by users and, to access the network, each PC should be fitted with a network card. STORAGE DEVICES: Hard Drive: The hard drive is the storage area where all the applications software you use and documents you create are kept. It is also called the main memory of the computer. Floppy Drive: The floppy drive is a removable storage area which enables you to save files on to a floppy disk so that you can take data files between home and work etc. They are flat and are made of a substance called mylar. They have a magnetic surface which allows the recording of your data. Zip Drive: A zip drive is similar to a floppy drive but a zip drive works faster then a floppy drive a holds 100mb of data, thats 70 times more faster then a floppy drive. DVD Drive: DVD-ROM or (digital versatile disk, or disk read-only memory) is the same diameter as a CD but holds nearly 10 times the data. A DVD can hold between 4.7Gb and 15.9Gb data and, while it requires its own drive, the DVD drive can run the existing CDs. They have provided a way of watching digital-quality films or other entertainment. Backing up: Even if you save your work in a computer drive, you should keep the back-up copy. Most organisations would agree because they have large amounts of work to store so they do this process of backing up. OUTPUT DEVICEES: VDU: VDUs display images (characters or graphics) generated by the computers video adapter. The image on the screen is referred to as soft copy-you will lose it when the computer is turned off. Most VDUs use a cathode ray tube (CRT) which accounts for their size. Printers: when you need a hard copy of information on screen you will need a printer. The quality (or resolution) of the image is measured in dots per inch (or Dpi). The more dots per inch the more detailed the output. Laser printer use lasers to produce an image on an electrical charge and this is fixed by heat. Speakers: All computers come with speakers. The speaker will make a small beep to draw your attention e.g. when you have a error of some kind the computer will send this signal through the computer and you will see a message and a little beep to tell you whats happened. CABLES AND CONNECTORS: CABLES: The different components of a computer system are connected by the cables. CONNECTORS: Computers have connection signs to show the person where to put the wire in, e.g. if you were to look behind a tower case you can see the mouse sign to where you put in. SOFTWARE: Software is the set of instructions that run hardware, without it the hardware wont run. That is the difference between hardware and software. BOOTING: When we switch on a computer, we need to wait until it boots up before we can use it. The old saying is pull yourself up by your footsteps. OPERATING SYSTEMS: Operating systems (OS) are the software programs that control the use of hardware resources. For example; Central processing unit (CPU) time. The allocations and use of memory The allocation and use of disk space. The operation of peripheral devices, such as printers. APPLICATIONS SOFTWARE: Application are sometime referred to as packages or the programs that are used to run the computer. Word processing: Word processing enables you to manipulate text-based documents for example, you can enter text, edit and format it, change the presentation, etc. Spreadsheet: Spreadsheets are used to enter only numerical data like numbers, it is used to process numbers in a similar way to the word processing. They are used to enter formulaes into cells, they can also be used to make graphs. Databases: A database can contains data but produces information from this data as a result of the processes carried out within it. Foe example the data in a library would contain the names, addresses of all the members that is a example of data. Desktop Publishing: Purpose-written desktop publishing (DTP) software is more sophisticated than the word processing software. For example, the text for inclusion in a newsletter would be created in a word processing application, spell checked, edited and saved. Graphics: Graphics are computer-generated images, such as pictures or illustrations. The range of graphics software is extensive and you have probably come across images stored in word processing software (e.g. Clipart) and images created on the computer using lines and shapes (e.g. circles, rectangle, or square). Personal Organisers: Personal organisers are now useful tools in big organisations, they can be set up to offer prompts automatically to remind you of important dates and events and can also provide an easy reminder of your most used telephone numbers. E-mail: E-mail has gone popular as now people use it even more then before. It enables people to communicate over the globe. It has been designed so that people dont have to waste time writing a letter when they can easily send through the E-mail. E-mails are known to be legal documents, you can be prosecuted if you write something that could be construed as libellous. Utilities: These programs provide diagnostic and measurement routines that check the performance of your computer. An e.g. of this is Anti-virus software which is a utility program that can scan any files for any virus, it can also detect a virus as well. PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES: Computers software is written in a programming language. Some are very complex and may require experts to use them. The two e.g. of these are C++ and Java. There are those languages which are produced by the computer automatically when writing macros. STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT: Before you can design or write a computer program, there are many stages of development that you must go through when doing this process, these are as follow; Analysis of the requirement what does the computer program need to achieve? Design of solution. Development of the program probably broken down the into small subprograms. Implementation and testing of the program, including training of the eventual users of the program. Preparation of documentation, which will include documentation relating to the actual program and documentation for the users (i.e. a users guide or manual). Ongoing maintenance and development of the program.